Azoospermia — Non-obstructive

No sperm in ejaculate due to impaired sperm production. Sperm may still be retrieved from the testis via mTESE in ~50–60% of cases.

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No sperm in ejaculate due to impaired sperm production. Sperm may still be retrieved from the testis via mTESE in ~50–60% of cases.

No sperm on semen analysis

Small testes

Elevated FSH

Possible Klinefelter features

Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)

Y-chromosome microdeletions

Cryptorchidism

Chemotherapy/radiation

Idiopathic

Semen analysis (repeated)

FSH, LH, testosterone (elevated FSH, low testosterone)

Karyotype

Y-chromosome microdeletion panel

Testicular biopsy / mTESE

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