Fertility Conditions We Treat
Understanding your diagnosis is the first step toward successful treatment. Our specialists have treated over 2,00,000 couples with a wide range of fertility conditions.
40%
Female Factor
40%
Male Factor
20%
Combined / Unexplained
Female Fertility Conditions
Conditions affecting female reproductive health and fertility
PCOS — Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PCOS is a common hormonal condition that causes irregular ovulation. Lifestyle changes, ovulation tablets, IUI or IVF can help many women conceive.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is tissue similar to the womb lining growing outside the uterus. It can cause pelvic pain and reduce fertility, but treatment can help.
Uterine Fibroids
Fibroids are non-cancerous growths in the uterus. Depending on size and position, some affect fertility and may need treatment before pregnancy.
Blocked Fallopian Tubes
Blocked fallopian tubes stop the egg and sperm from meeting. Tests like HSG find the problem, and surgery or IVF can help you conceive.
Poor Ovarian Reserve (Low AMH)
Low AMH means fewer eggs remain in the ovaries. It does not rule out pregnancy, but it often means treatment should not be delayed.
Premature Ovarian Failure
Premature ovarian failure, or POI, is loss of normal ovarian function before 40. Hormone therapy protects health, and donor egg IVF offers a path to pregnancy.
Hypothyroidism & Fertility
An underactive thyroid can disturb ovulation and raise miscarriage risk. A simple TSH test finds it, and daily thyroxine usually corrects it.
Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia means high prolactin levels, which can stop ovulation. Once the cause is found, medicines such as cabergoline usually restore it.
Uterine Polyps
Uterine polyps are soft growths in the uterine cavity that can prevent embryo implantation and are easily removed hysteroscopically.
Thin Endometrium
A thin endometrium is a womb lining that does not grow thick enough for an embryo to implant. Finding the cause helps guide treatment.
Cervical Factor Infertility
Cervical factor infertility occurs when the cervical mucus prevents sperm from reaching the egg, often addressed successfully with IUI or IVF.
Recurrent Implantation Failure
Recurrent implantation failure is when good-quality embryos repeatedly fail to implant after IVF. Careful testing can guide the next steps.
Chronic Endometritis
Persistent low-grade inflammation of the endometrial lining caused by bacteria, impairing embryo implantation. Often asymptomatic and missed on routine investigation.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
An IVF complication where excessive follicle recruitment causes fluid shift, ovarian enlargement, and in severe cases cardiovascular compromise.
Ovarian Torsion
Twisting of the ovary on its ligamentous supports cuts off blood supply and can cause irreversible ovarian damage if not surgically corrected promptly.
Ovarian Cysts — Functional
Follicular or corpus luteum cysts form during normal ovarian activity. Most resolve spontaneously but can delay IVF stimulation.
Poor Ovarian Response
Fewer than 3 oocytes retrieved in a stimulated IVF cycle despite maximal stimulation. Classified by the Bologna criteria.
Premature Ovarian Reserve Decline
Low AMH and AFC in women under 35, years before expected menopause. Requires urgent fertility evaluation and possible egg banking.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
An autoimmune prothrombotic condition that causes placental microthrombi, leading to recurrent miscarriage (especially second-trimester) and thrombosis.
Natural Killer Cell Elevation
Elevated uterine or peripheral NK cells are associated with recurrent miscarriage and implantation failure. Immunological protocols may help.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Fertility
SLE can reduce ovarian reserve, cause recurrent pregnancy loss, and increase preterm birth risk. Requires multidisciplinary management.
Turner Syndrome (45,X)
Absence of one X chromosome causes premature ovarian insufficiency. Spontaneous pregnancy is rare; egg donation is the principal fertility option.
Fragile X Premutation (Female Carriers)
Women with 55–200 CGG repeats in FMR1 have a 20% risk of premature ovarian insufficiency and a 50% chance of passing the full mutation to sons.
Thrombophilia and Recurrent Miscarriage
Inherited or acquired clotting disorders cause placental microthrombi, resulting in miscarriage or foetal growth restriction.
Ectopic Pregnancy
Implantation outside the uterine cavity is life-threatening and may result in tube removal, reducing future natural fertility.
Recurrent Miscarriage — Second Trimester
Two or more pregnancy losses between 12–24 weeks. More likely to have structural or thrombotic causes than first-trimester losses.
Hydrosalpinx and IVF Failure
Fluid from a hydrosalpinx drains into the uterine cavity and is embryotoxic, reducing implantation rates by up to 50%.
Prolactinoma
A benign pituitary adenoma that hypersecrets prolactin, suppressing GnRH and causing amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, and infertility.
Recurrent Miscarriage — First Trimester
Two or more pregnancy losses before 12 weeks. A structured investigation finds a treatable cause in ~50% of cases.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Ascending genital tract infection damaging the fallopian tubes, leading to tubal factor infertility in up to 20% of affected women.
Genital Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the female genital tract causes severe tubal occlusion and endometrial scarring — a significant cause of infertility in India.
Vaginismus
Involuntary spasm of vaginal muscles prevents penetration, making natural intercourse impossible. Requires medical and psychological management.
Social Egg Freezing
Elective oocyte cryopreservation allows women to preserve fertility before age-related decline, providing flexibility for later parenthood.
Luteinised Unruptured Follicle Syndrome
The dominant follicle undergoes luteinisation but does not rupture to release the egg despite normal LH surge and progesterone rise.
Endometriosis — Deep Infiltrating
Endometriosis implants penetrating >5 mm into peritoneal tissue affect the uterosacral ligaments, rectovaginal septum, bowel, or bladder, causing severe pain and reduced fertility.
Infrequent Periods (Oligomenorrhoea)
Cycles longer than 35 days indicate infrequent ovulation, common in PCOS and hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Significantly reduces monthly chances of conception.
Endometriosis — Superficial Peritoneal
Stage I–II endometriosis with peritoneal implants. Altered peritoneal environment and inflammatory cytokines may impair fertilisation.
Empty Sella Syndrome
The sella turcica appears empty on MRI due to CSF herniation. May be associated with hypopituitarism causing FSH/LH deficiency and infertility.
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is when womb-lining tissue grows into the muscle wall of the uterus, causing painful, heavy periods. It can affect fertility and IVF.
Endometrial Receptivity Problems (Implantation Window)
A displaced window of implantation where the endometrium reaches peak receptivity earlier or later than assumed. Detected by the ERA test.
Donor Egg IVF
IVF using eggs from a young donor offers the highest success rates (~50–60% per transfer) for women with poor reserve or premature ovarian failure.
Premature Menopause Risk Assessment
Women with family history of early menopause, FMR1 premutation, or autoimmune conditions should have proactive ovarian reserve testing and fertility counselling.
Luteal Phase Defect
Insufficient progesterone production after ovulation shortens the luteal phase, preventing adequate endometrial preparation for embryo implantation.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Non-classic)
A mild late-onset form of CAH caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, resulting in androgen excess that can mimic PCOS and impair ovulation.
PCOS with Insulin Resistance
A common PCOS subtype where cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to elevated androgen levels that disrupt ovulation.
PCOS with Lean Phenotype
PCOS occurring in women of normal body weight. Often underdiagnosed because the classic overweight presentation is absent, yet anovulation still impairs fertility.
Hyperandrogenism
Excess androgen (male hormone) levels in women, disrupting ovulation and causing hirsutism, acne, and menstrual irregularity.
Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea
Loss of menstruation due to suppressed GnRH secretion, often triggered by extreme energy deficit, excessive exercise, or psychological stress.
Cushing Syndrome
Prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels disrupts the HPG axis, suppressing ovulation and causing metabolic and reproductive dysfunction.
Hyperthyroidism and Infertility
Excess thyroid hormone disrupts the menstrual cycle and increases miscarriage risk. Graves disease is the most common cause in women of reproductive age.
Thyroid Antibodies and Fertility
Elevated anti-TPO antibodies — even with normal TSH — are associated with implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage and reduced IVF success.
Uterine Fibroids — Submucosal
Fibroids growing into the uterine cavity distort the endometrial lining, reducing implantation rates and increasing miscarriage risk.
Uterine Fibroids — Intramural
Fibroids embedded within the myometrium; those >4 cm or distorting the cavity can reduce IVF implantation rates and increase preterm labour risk.
Asherman Syndrome
Intrauterine adhesions formed after uterine surgery or infection obliterate the cavity, blocking implantation and causing recurrent pregnancy loss.
Uterine Septum
A midline fibrous partition within the uterine cavity is the most common Müllerian anomaly and consistently associated with increased miscarriage rate.
Bicornuate Uterus
Partial fusion failure of Müllerian ducts creates a heart-shaped uterus, increasing miscarriage and preterm birth rates.
Unicornuate Uterus
A Müllerian anomaly where only half the uterus forms, significantly increasing risks of miscarriage, preterm birth, and malpresentation.
Arcuate Uterus
A mild uterine anomaly with a small midline indentation of the uterine fundus. Associated with second-trimester loss; impact on first-trimester loss is debated.
Cervical Stenosis
Narrowing of the cervical canal impedes sperm entry and embryo transfer procedures, and can cause retrograde menstruation contributing to endometriosis.
Proximal Tubal Obstruction
Blockage at the cornual end of the fallopian tube prevents sperm from reaching the egg. Often due to tubal spasm, polyps, or salpingitis isthmica nodosa.
Distal Tubal Obstruction
Blockage at the fimbrial end of the tube prevents egg pick-up. Often results from adhesions secondary to endometriosis or pelvic infection.
Peritubal Adhesions
Fibrous bands around the fallopian tubes impair their mobility even when the tubal lumen is patent, reducing natural conception rates.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Overgrowth of the uterine lining due to unopposed oestrogen. Atypical hyperplasia carries malignant risk and must be treated before IVF.
Male Fertility Conditions
Conditions affecting male reproductive health and fertility
Azoospermia
Azoospermia means no sperm in the semen. Depending on the cause, hormone treatment or surgical sperm retrieval with ICSI may help men father a child.
Oligospermia (Low Sperm Count)
Oligospermia means a sperm concentration below 16 million per mL. Many causes are treatable, and IUI or IVF with ICSI can help couples conceive.
Asthenozoospermia (Poor Sperm Motility)
Asthenozoospermia means too few sperm swim forward normally. Treating the cause, IUI or ICSI can help couples conceive.
Teratozoospermia (Abnormal Sperm Morphology)
Teratozoospermia means fewer than 4% of sperm have a normal shape. It is often combined with other sperm problems and can be managed with IUI or ICSI.
Varicocele
A varicocele is a group of enlarged veins in the scrotum that can lower sperm count and quality. Repair can help selected men with infertility.
Retrograde Ejaculation
Retrograde ejaculation causes semen to enter the bladder instead of exiting through the penis, but sperm can be retrieved from urine for IUI or IVF.
Male Hormonal Imbalance
Hormonal imbalances in men — including low testosterone or high oestrogen — reduce sperm production and can often be corrected medically.
Azoospermia — Obstructive
Complete absence of sperm in ejaculate due to a blockage in the ductal system, despite normal sperm production in the testes.
Azoospermia — Non-obstructive
No sperm in ejaculate due to impaired sperm production. Sperm may still be retrieved from the testis via mTESE in ~50–60% of cases.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation
High levels of DNA damage in sperm reduce fertilisation rates, impair embryo development, and increase miscarriage risk even with normal semen parameters.
Antisperm Antibodies
Immune antibodies that bind to sperm surface antigens, causing agglutination and inability to penetrate cervical mucus or zona pellucida.
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Male)
Low pituitary gonadotropin secretion results in testosterone deficiency and absent or severely impaired spermatogenesis.
Cryptorchidism — Undescended Testis
Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum impairs sperm production. Risk of infertility and testicular cancer is increased.
Erectile Dysfunction and Infertility
Inability to achieve or maintain erection sufficient for intercourse prevents natural conception. Psychogenic and organic causes must be distinguished.
Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
The most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males. Small testes, azoospermia, and low testosterone are the norm, but focal spermatogenesis allows sperm retrieval via mTESE in ~50% of cases.
CFTR Mutations and Male Infertility
CFTR mutations cause congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), resulting in obstructive azoospermia despite normal spermatogenesis.
Male Hypogonadism
Male hypogonadism means the testes make too little testosterone or sperm. Fertility-safe hormone treatment or sperm retrieval can help.
General Fertility Conditions
Conditions that can affect both partners or have combined causes
Unexplained Infertility
Unexplained infertility means standard tests are normal but pregnancy has not happened. Timed intercourse, IUI or IVF can still help.
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Recurrent pregnancy loss means two or more pregnancy losses. Testing finds a cause in some couples, and many go on to have a healthy pregnancy.
Advanced Maternal Age
Fertility declines with age, especially after 35. Early testing and timely treatment, including IVF or egg freezing, can help protect your options.
Balanced Chromosomal Translocation
One partner carries a balanced chromosomal rearrangement with no personal health impact, but gametes can carry unbalanced chromosomes causing recurrent miscarriage.
Obesity and Infertility
BMI >30 disrupts the HPG axis, worsens insulin resistance, reduces egg quality, impairs endometrial receptivity, and reduces IVF success rates.
Diabetes Mellitus and Fertility
Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes affect egg quality, sperm parameters, and early embryo development. Poor glycaemic control increases miscarriage and congenital anomaly rates.
Chromosomal Aneuploidy in Embryos
Most miscarriages are caused by chromosomally abnormal embryos. Risk increases steeply with maternal age — at 40, >60% of embryos are aneuploid.
Secondary Infertility
Inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy after a previous successful pregnancy. Often underestimated emotionally; causes may be new or progressive.
Recurrent IVF Failure — Overview
Multiple failed IVF attempts require a structured review of each stage to identify modifiable factors.
Poor Fertilisation in IVF
Total fertilisation failure or <30% fertilisation despite adequate eggs and sperm suggests a defect in egg activation or sperm-egg interaction.
Embryo Arrest and Poor Embryo Quality
Embryos fail to develop beyond early cleavage or show fragmentation and arrest. Often reflects oocyte mitochondrial dysfunction or chromosomal abnormality.
Fertility Preservation Before Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy and pelvic radiation cause gonadal damage. Egg, embryo, or sperm freezing before treatment preserves fertility options.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Infertility
Vitamin D receptors are present in ovarian follicles and endometrium. Deficiency is associated with lower IVF success rates and higher miscarriage risk.
MTHFR Mutation and Fertility
MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms reduce folate metabolism efficiency. Associated with elevated homocysteine, recurrent pregnancy loss, and neural tube defect risk.
Metabolic Syndrome and Infertility
Cluster of metabolic abnormalities (central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension) amplifies PCOS severity and reduces IVF success rates.
Psychogenic Infertility and Stress
Chronic psychological stress activates the HPA axis, suppressing GnRH pulsatility and impairing ovulation and endometrial receptivity.
Multiple Pregnancy After IVF
Multiple pregnancy increases maternal and neonatal risks (prematurity, low birth weight). Single embryo transfer policy significantly reduces but does not eliminate multiples.
Donor Sperm IUI & IVF
Using donor sperm for insemination or IVF in couples where the male partner has no viable sperm, carries a serious genetic condition, or for single women.
Alcohol Use and Fertility
Even moderate alcohol intake reduces IVF success rates, disrupts menstrual cycles, and impairs sperm parameters. Heavy use causes significant reproductive toxicity.
Smoking and Infertility
Cigarette toxins accelerate oocyte depletion, damage sperm DNA, impair implantation, and double ectopic pregnancy risk. IVF success rates are significantly lower in smokers.
Surrogacy
A surrogate carries a pregnancy on behalf of the intended parents. Gestational surrogacy is the norm and is legally permitted in India under specific conditions.
Understanding Infertility
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse (or 6 months if the woman is over 35). It affects approximately 1 in 6 couples worldwide and can stem from factors in either partner or a combination of both.
At Iswarya Fertility, we conduct thorough diagnostic evaluations for both partners to identify the root cause. Our fertility specialists use advanced diagnostics including hormonal profiling, ultrasound imaging, semen analysis, and genetic testing to create a personalised treatment plan.
Not Sure About Your Condition?
Book a consultation with our fertility specialists for a complete diagnosis