Male Infertility
Teratozoospermia (Abnormal Sperm Morphology)
Teratozoospermia means most sperm have abnormal shape, reducing their ability to penetrate and fertilise an egg.
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Overview
What is Teratozoospermia?
Sperm morphology refers to the size and shape of sperm. According to WHO 2021 criteria, normal morphology requires at least 4% of sperm to have a normal oval head, midpiece, and tail. Teratozoospermia — abnormal morphology below this threshold — impairs a sperm's ability to penetrate the egg's outer layer. ICSI bypasses this limitation by directly injecting a selected single sperm into the egg.
Symptoms
Normal sperm count and motility but infertility
Strict morphology below 4% on semen analysis
History of exposure to environmental toxins
History of varicocele or genital infections
Causes
1
Varicocele — most common reversible cause2
Oxidative stress and free radical damage3
Exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, or radiation4
High fevers damaging sperm production temporarily5
Genetic factors affecting sperm head formationHow It's Diagnosed
Strict Kruger morphology semen analysis
Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI)
Scrotal ultrasound for varicocele assessment
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